ESD Test Suite Examples

This dog is to guard the tobacco.
The dog who is to guard the tobacco arrived.
The dog to guard the tobacco arrived.

Linguistic Characterization

This analysis brings together what Huddleston & Pullum (2002) describe in terms of a ‘quasi-modal’ use of the verb be (p.113) and what they consider a ‘modal meaning’ associated with certain non-wh infinitival relative clauses (p.1068). The be verb has all of the ordinary auxiliary properties, shares with the modals the further property of only appearing in finite forms. H&P further characterize its meaning as ‘modal’, without further elaboration. In the ERG, the modal semantics is modeled with the eventuality relation, and this is associated with the infinitival clause, which may appear as the complement of (semantically empty) be.

Motivating Examples

Treating these two phenomena as semantically equivalent is motivated by the following pair of examples, which we judge to be paraphrases of each other and to which we assign the same semantic representation.

  • The plumber to fix the sink is coming at 10.
  • The plumber who is to fix the sink is coming at 10.

We differentiate this use of infinitival clauses from the superficially similar instrumental relatives like the following:

  • Money to buy the dog arrived.

In instrumental relatives, as opposed to quasi-modal infinitivals, the head noun fills an instrumental role with respect to the relative clause.

ERS Fingerprints

  eventuality[ARG1 h1]
  h2:[ARG0 e]

  { h1 =q h2 }

Interactions

Open Questions

  • Is eventuality the right pred to use here, or should this be assimilated to something more clearly modal?

Grammar Version

ERG 1212 (but there actually is no qeq there)

References

Huddleston, R., & Pullum, G. K. (eds) (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

More Information

Last update: 2015-06-04 by EmilyBender [edit]